Affixes of adjectives are added to root words to form adjectives: the latter two occur more often in language than in writing. Malay is an agglutinative language, and new words are formed by three methods. New words can be created by adding affixes to a root word (affixation), forming a compound word (composition), or repeating words or parts of a word (reduplication). There are three common forms of ”you”, anda (polite), kamu (familiar) and kalian ”y`all” (commonly used as a plural form of you, slightly informal). Anda is used in formal contexts such as advertising and business or to show respect (although terms like tuan ”sir” and other titles also work in the same way), while kamu is used in informal situations. Anda sekalian or Anda semua are polite plurals. Engkau orang – contractually related with kau orang or korang – is used to address topics in the plural in the most informal context. Complete reduplication is the complete duplication of the word, separated by a hyphen (-). For example, buku (pound) if duplicated by buku-buku (pounds), while the duplicate form of batu (stone) is batu-batu (stones). Malay does not use grammatical gender.

There are few words that use natural sex; The same word used for him and she is also used for him and her. Most words that refer to people (family terms, professions, etc.) have a form that does not distinguish between the sexes. For example, adik may refer to a younger sibling of both sexes. To specify the natural sex of a noun, an adjective must be added: adik lelaki corresponds to ”brother”, but actually means ”male younger brother”. There are words that are gender-specific. For example, puteri means ”princess” and putera means ”prince”; Words like these are usually borrowed from other languages (in this case, Sanskrit). Baginda – corresponding to ”His Majesty/Highness” – is used to address royal personalities and religious prophets, especially in Islamic literature. Another distinctive feature of Malay is the use of measured words, also called classifiers (penjodoh bilangan). In this way, it resembles many other Asian languages, including Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Thai, Burmese, and Bengali. Saya and aku are the two main forms of ”I”; Saya (or its literary/archaic form Sahaya) is the most formal form, while Aku is used with close acquittals such as family and friends and between lovers.

Sa(ha)ya can also be used for ”we”, but in such cases it is usually used with sekalian or semua ”all”; This form is ambiguous, whether it coincides with Inclusive Kami or Exclusive Kita. Less common are hamba ”slave”, hamba tuan, hamba datok (all extremely modest), beta (a person of royal contact), patik (/pateʔ/, a commoner who turns to a royal), kami (royal or editorial ”we”), kita, teman (/təman/) and kawan (wörtl. ”Friend”). The fixed words come before the name: səribu orang ”a thousand people”, beberapa pe(r)gunungan ”a series of mountain ranges”, beberapa kupu-kupu ”some butterflies”. There are two demonstrative pronouns in Malay. Ini ”this, this” is used for a name that is usually located near the speaker. Itu ”das, die” is used for a name that is usually very far from the speaker. Both can sometimes be synonymous with the English ”the”. There is no difference between the singular and the plural.

However, the plural can be specified by duplicating a noun followed by an ini or itu. The word yang ”who” is often placed in front of demonstrative pronouns to give emphasis and a sense of security, especially when references or requests are made about something/someone, such as the English ”this” or ”that one”. Reduplication (Kata Ganda or Kata Ulang) in Malay is a very productive process. It is mainly used for the formation of plurals, but sometimes it can change the meaning of the entire word or change the use of the word in sentences. Examples of this are the prefixes di- (focus patient, often but incorrectly called ”passive voice”, for OVA word order), meng( (agent focus, often but incorrectly called ”active voice”, for AVO word order), Memper and Diper (causal, agent and patient focus), ber- (tripod or usual; order VS intransitive) and ter- (involuntary actions, because they are involuntary, suddenly or randomly for VA = order VO); the suffixes -kan (causative or useful) and -i (locative, repetitive or exhaustive); and the circumfixes ber-…-an (plural subject, diffuse action) and ke-…-an (involuntary or potential action or state). The words measurement are not necessary just to say ”a”: burung ”a bird, birds”. The use of se- plus a measurement word is closer to the English ”one” or ”a certain”: There are four types of reduction of words in Malay, namely that there are four types of affixes, namely prefixes (awalan), suffixes (akhiran), circumfixes (apitan) and infixes (sisipan). These affixes are classified into nounffixes, monkey verbs and adjectives.

Engkau (əŋkau, usually abbreviated as mâcher) and hang (dialectic) are used for social inferior or equal, awak to equal, and encik (/əntʃeʔ/, contracted to cik before a noun) is polished and is traditionally used for people without a title. The complexes ”Makcik and Pakcik” are used with the elders of the village who are well known or whose guest is. Root words are nouns or verbs that can be added to derive new words, e.B. masak (cooking) gives memasak (cook, as verb), memasakkan (cook for), dimasak (cooked) as well as pemasak (a cook), masakan (a meal, cook). Many initial consonants are mutated when prefixes are added: e.B. Sapu (sweep) becomes Penyapu (broom); panggil (call) becomes memanggil (calls/calls), carpet (seven) becomes menapis (sieve). Tripod verbs, demonstrative determinants, and possessive determinants follow the noun they modify. Names are affixes that form names when added to root words. Here are examples of noun corrections: In Malay, there are four basic parts of the language: nouns, verbs, adjectives, and words of grammatical function (particles). Nouns and verbs can be basic roots, but they are often derived from other words by prefixes and suffixes. Similarly, verbal monkeys are added to root words to form verbs. In Malay, there are: verbs are not folded for the person or number, and they are not marked for the tense; Rather, time is referred to by temporal adverbs (such as ”yesterday”) or by other temporal indicators such as sudah ”already” and belum ”not yet”.

On the other hand, there is a complex system of verbaffixes to reproduce the nuances of meaning and designate the voice or intentional and random moods. Some of these affixes are ignored in colloquial language. Common derived afixes for nouns are peng-/per-/juru- (actor, instrument or someone characterized by the root), -an (collectivity, similarity, object, place, instrument), ke-…-an (abstractions and qualities, collectivities), per-/peng-…-an (abstraction, place, purpose or result). Distributive affixes derive from mass justifications, which are indeed plural: pohon ”tree”, pepohonan ”flora, trees”; rumah ”house”, perumahan ”apartments, houses”; gunung ”mountain”, pe(r)gunungan ”mountains, mountains”. Remarkable among the system of personal pronouns is a distinction between two forms of ”we”: kita (you and me, you and us) and kami (we, but not you). The distinction is increasingly confused in colloquial Indonesian. Personal pronouns are not a separate part of language, but a subset of nouns. They are often omitted, and there are many ways to say ”you.” Usually, the name, title, title with the person`s name or profession are used (”Will Johnny go?”, ”Would Madame like to go?”); Kinship terms, including fictitious kinship, are extremely common. But there are also dedicated personal pronouns, as well as the demonstrative pronouns ini ”this, that” and itu ”that, that”.

Here, ku-verb is used for a general report, aku verb is used for a factual statement, and emphatic aku-lah meng-verb (≈ ”I am the one who … ”) to focus on the pronoun. [2] There are also proclitic forms of aku and engkau, ku- and kau-. These are used when the pronoun is not underlined: Often the derivation changes the meaning of the verb quite significantly: in addition to these affixes, Malay also has many affixes borrowed from other languages such as Sanskrit, Arabic and English. For example, maha-, pasca-, eka-, bi-, anti-, pro- etc. The word order is often changed for focus or accentuation, with the focused word usually placed at the beginning of the sentence and followed by a slight pause (a break in intonation): Ultimately, the choice of voice and therefore word order is a choice between actor and patient and depends a bit on language style and context. There is no grammatical plural in Malay. Thus, orangutan can mean either ”person” or ”people”. Plurality is expressed through context or the use of words such as numbers, beberapa ”some” or semua ”all” that express plurality. In many cases, it is simply not relevant to the speaker. The agent or object, or both, may be omitted. This is often done to achieve one of two things: from the point of view of a European language, Malay has a wide range of different pronouns, especially to refer to the recipient (the so-called second-person pronouns).

These are used to distinguish several parameters of the person to whom they refer, such as.B. social rank and the relationship between the recipient and the speaker. .